614 research outputs found
The influence of an oil recycler on emissions with oil age for a refuse truck using in service testing
A method of cleaning lubricating oil on line was
investigated using a fine bypass particulate filter followed
by an infra red heater. Two bypass filter sizes of 6 and 1
micron were investigated, both filter sizes were effective
but the one micron filter had the greatest benefit. This
was tested on two nominally identical EURO 1 emissions
compliance refuse trucks, fitted with Perkins Phazer
210Ti 6 litre turbocharged intercooled engines and coded
as RT320 and RT321. These vehicles had emissions
characteristics that were significantly different, in spite of
their similar age and total mileage. RT321 showed an
apparent heavier black smoke than RT320. Comparison
was made with the emissions on the same vehicles and
engines with and without the on-line bypass oil recycler.
Engine exhaust emissions were measured about every
400 miles. Both vehicles started the test with an oil drain
and fresh lubricating oil. The two refuse trucks were
tested in a different sequence, the RT320 without the
recycler fitted and then fitted later and the RT321 with
the recycler fitted and then removed later in the test and
both without any oil change. The RT320 was also the
one with the finer bypass filter. The test mileage was
nearly 8,000 miles both trucks. The air/fuel ratio was
worked out by the exhaust gas analysis. The correlation
between air/fuel ratio and emission parameters was
determined and appropriate corrections were made in
the case of that the air/fuel ratio had an effect on
emissions. The results showed that the on line oil
recycler cleaning system can reduce the rate of increase
of the NOx with oil age. There appeared little influence of
the oil recycler on carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon
emissions. The rate of increase in particulate emissions
was reduced by 50% for RT320 and an immediate
decrease in particulate emissions was seen on RT320
test after fitting the recycler. The black smoke was
reduced by 30% for RT320 in terms average value and
an immediate decrease in smoke after fitting the recycler
on RT320 test and an immediate increase in smoke after
the removal of the recycler on RT321 test were shown
Effects of an on line bypass oil recycler on emissions with oil age for a bus using in service testing
A method of cleaning lubricating oil on line was
investigated using a fine bypass particulate filter
followed by an infra red heater. Two bypass filter
sizes of 6 and 1 micron were investigated, both filter
sizes were effective but the one micron filter had the
greatest benefit. This was tested on two nominally
identical EURO 2 emissions compliance single
decker buses, fitted with Cummins 6 cylinder 8.3 litre
turbocharged intercooled engines and coded as Bus
4063 and 4070. These vehicles had emissions
characteristics that were significantly different, in
spite of their similar age and total mileage. Bus 4063
showed an apparent deterioration on emissions with
time while Bus 4070 showed a stabilised trend on
emissions with time for their baseline tests without
the recycler fitted. Comparison was made with the
emissions on the same vehicles and engines with
and without the on-line bypass oil recycler. Engine
exhaust emissions were measured about every 2000
miles. All tests started with an oil drain and fresh
lubricating oil. The two buses were tested in a
different sequence, Bus 4063 with the recycler fitted
and then removed later in the test after an oil change
and Bus 4070 with no recycler fitted at first and then
fitted after 29,000 miles with no oil change. The Bus
4070 was also the one with the finer bypass filter.
The test mileage was 45,000 miles for Bus 4063 and
48,000 miles for Bus 4070. The air/fuel ratio was
worked out by the exhaust gas analysis. The
correlation between air/fuel ratio and emission
parameters was determined. The results showed that
the on line oil recycler cleaning system reduced the
rate of increase of the NOx from 5% to 1.6% for Bus
4063 and from 4.1% to 0% for Bus 4070 per 10,000
miles. Hydrocarbon emissions increased 30 ppm per
10,000 miles with the recycler removed compared to
a stabilised level with the recycler fitted for Bus 4063.
There was a small decrease in hydrocarbon
emissions after fitting the recycler for Bus 4070. The
particulate emissions were reduced by 35% for Bus
4063 and 24% for Bus 4070 on average. The
reductions on total particulate mass were due to
reductions on particulate carbon and lube oil VOF
emissions. The black smoke was reduced by 56% for
Bus 4063 in terms of rate of increase and 40% for
Bus 4070 in terms of average value
Is it assessment of learning or assessment for learning?
YesAssessment is a central feature of teaching and the curriculum. It powerfully frames how students learn and what students achieve. It is one of the most significant influences on students’ experience of higher education and all that they gain from it. The reason for an explicit focus on improving assessment practice is the huge impact it has on the quality of learning’.1
‘Students should realize that assessment can be an opportunity for learning, rather than just something to be endured and suffered’.2
'Institutions should ensure that appropriate feedback is provided to students on assessed work in a way that promotes learning and facilitates improvement'.
Morphological variation of mountain blackeye (Chlorocharis emiliae) populations in Malaysian Borneo
The mountain blackeye (Chlorocharis emiliae) is one of the few Bornean endemic birds which presents an excellent model
species to illustrate evolution and speciation. Here, we use discriminant function analysis to elucidate the morphological
variation on 40 specimens of mountain blackeye from four populations namely Mount Kinabalu, Mount Trus Madi, Mount
Murud and Mount Mulu. The test successfully distinguished all four populations accordingly by respective nominated
subspecies. Tarsus length and bill length were identified as the best predictors from nine character loadings observed which
also included bill depth, bill width, head bill, wing length, wing span, tail length and total length. Along with this, the
morphological patterns also revealed that solid skeletal characters such as bill length, bill depth, bill width and tarsus are
genuine predictors of morphological variation and body size within species as compared to feather-based characters. The
evolution of such morphological traits is more pronounced due to different ecological adaptation of the mountain blackeye
populations. Several factors such as phenotypic plasticity, foraging behaviours and food availability may have influenced the
morphological variation between the subspecies
Oil quality in diesel engines with on line oil cleaning using a heated lubricating oil recycler
A method of cleaning the oil on line was investigatedusing a bypass fine particulate filter followed by an infra
red heater to remove water and light diesel fractions in
the oil. This was tested on a range of on road vehicles
and a Ford 1.8 litre IDI passenger car engine on a test
bed. Comparison was made with the oil quality on the
same vehicles and engines without the on-line recycler.
Test times were from 200 to 1500 hours of oil ageing and
some of the tests showed that the oil quality was still
good after 4 times the normal oil life. The results showed
that the on line oil recycler cleaning system reduced the
rate of fall of the TBN and rate of increase of the TAN.
There was a very significant reduction in the soot in oil
and the fuel dilution. There was also a consistent reduction
in all the wear metals apart from copper and a
decrease in the rate of reduction of oil additives. There
was also measured on the Ford IDI engine a 5% reduced
fuel consumption. Many of these effects were attributed
to an influence of the cleaner oil on reduced engine
deposits
Oil quality in diesel engines with on line oil cleaning using a heated lubricating oil recycler
A method of cleaning the oil on line was investigatedusing a bypass fine particulate filter followed by an infra
red heater to remove water and light diesel fractions in
the oil. This was tested on a range of on road vehicles
and a Ford 1.8 litre IDI passenger car engine on a test
bed. Comparison was made with the oil quality on the
same vehicles and engines without the on-line recycler.
Test times were from 200 to 1500 hours of oil ageing and
some of the tests showed that the oil quality was still
good after 4 times the normal oil life. The results showed
that the on line oil recycler cleaning system reduced the
rate of fall of the TBN and rate of increase of the TAN.
There was a very significant reduction in the soot in oil
and the fuel dilution. There was also a consistent reduction
in all the wear metals apart from copper and a
decrease in the rate of reduction of oil additives. There
was also measured on the Ford IDI engine a 5% reduced
fuel consumption. Many of these effects were attributed
to an influence of the cleaner oil on reduced engine
deposits
Evolution of Sustainability as Marketing Strategy: Beginning of New Era
AbstractTime has witnessed the different phases of marketing strategy. Out of which, sustainability is the key issue which has emerged in marketing strategy over the time. In earlier phase of 1970s, ecological issues have emerged as a new paradigm in marketing strategy. Then in next decade, social issues picked up the lime light and emerged along with ecology. Reassessment of the issues resulted in evolution of green or environmental issues in marketing strategy and now the sustainability in marketing strategy has become the focus of attention of the researchers. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are, first, to review and understand concepts of marketing strategy and sustainability, secondly, to discuss evolution of sustainability in marketing strategy and lastly, to discuss the future of sustainability marketing strategy
Potential Effects on Large Mara Construction Projects Due To Construction Delay
The construction industry continues to be the driving force in the growth of the nation’s socio economic development. One of the major issues in large construction industry is its frequent delay where this delay decelerates the multiplier effects to the economy. This paper presents the study of a survey on significant cause of delay and its effects in large MARA (Majlis Amanah Rakyat) construction project in the views of project management consultants (PMC). Respondents of this survey were personnel that work as PMC ranging from the executives, managerial and supporting groups. The result revealed that the five most significant delay causes as seen by PMC were cash flow and financial difficulties faced by contractors, contractor’s poor site management, inadequate contractor experience, shortage of site workers and ineffective planning and scheduling by contractors and its three most significant effects were time overrun, cost overrun and arbitration. Hopefully, the findings of this study will at least shade some lights to the problems faced by Malaysia construction industry particularly MARA large construction project and effort can be taken to improve it
- …